the claim that levitical priests ‘serve at a sanctuary that is a copy and shadow of what is in heaven’ (8:5). The meaning there is that God gave Moses a design to follow in establishing the tabernacle and its ministry. This does not mean that there is an ideal sanctuary in heaven he was to copy in every detail. Rather, the heavenly things (tōn epouraniōn) is a way of describing what was to come with the sacrifice of Christ and his entry into heaven. Earthly purification rites were necessary for an